Summary of
FNCA 2025 Workshop on Research Reactor Utilization Project
September 9-12, 2024
Dalat, Vietnam
Preface
The Research Reactor Utilization (RRU) hybrid workshop was held over three and half days in Dalat, Vietnam. The first half on the first day (Sep. 9) was allocated to a plenary session in which the individual project leaders of Japan provided an overview of the current projects of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) group and non-NAA group with referring to several major issues of the workshop. Parallel sessions were held from the second half of the first day to the third day (Sep. 11). In the NAA sessions, in the first half, each country presented progress on the activities related to environmental samples, and in the second half, the results of the joint analysis were discussed. In the non-NAA sessions, each country presented their activities mainly on the isotope production including new isotopes and new research reactor. The detailed content of the discussions was summarized for each of the two groups, NAA and non-NAA, and we shared each summary in the wrap up session, then the technical visit to research reactor, NAA lab, and so on in the Dalat Nuclear Research Institute (DNRI) was held in the afternoon. On the fourth day (Sep. 12), the open seminar was held at the DNRI in the morning.
Parallel session
1) Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Group
NAA-1: Progress report on environmental monitoring with multiple measurement techniques including NAA
Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, NAA studies have assessed potentially toxic elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Sb) in urban road dust from Dhaka and Khulna, natural radioactivity in soils and medicinal plants of the Sundarban forest, and Padma River sediments near the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant. Additional work analyzed domestic air-conditioner dust from eight divisional city corporations, river sediments, and agricultural soils and vegetables from various regions. During the reporting period, eleven related articles were published in peer-reviewed journals.
China
PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in Beijing twice a week, and these samples will be analyzed by neutron activation analysis and other nuclear analytical methods. The neutron depth profiling (NDP) at China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) was upgraded and many lithium ion battery (LIB) samples were analyzed by NDP in this year.
Indonesia
NAA was applied to food and nutrition, environmental samples, and cultural heritage materials such as fossils. Activities also included participation in the IAEA intercomparison program, continued development of an epithermal NAA facility, collaborative research for doctoral and master studies, and analytical services for customers, strengthening national capacity and regional collaboration in reactor-based applications.
Japan
PGA and INAA, and RNAA were performed at Japan Atomic Energy Agency and Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, respectively. Elemental abundances for meteorites were determined using PGA and INAA for their chemical characterization. RNAA was used for the determination of the three halogen elements (Cl, Br and I) of mantle-derived materials. The development of an analytical method using ICP-AES and ICP-MS for the determination of elemental abundances of rice samples, including toxic elements (As, Cd and Pb) was initiated.
Kazakhstan
In the current year, a project is continued to study grades of concrete for biological protection of Nuclear Power Plant reactors in order to identify activation hazardous elements using the INAA method. Also, project is planned ‘Research on the applicability of fly ash as a material for melt localization devices and concrete structures of the Kazakh Nuclear Power Plant.
Malaysia
In 2025, Malaysia performed research on selected rare earth elements (REEs) in soil samples from Nilai Industrial Areas, Negeri Sembilan. This study aimed to determine the distribution of selected REEs and quantify the degree of contamination using enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). A total of 11 REEs (Ce, Dy, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb, Th, U and Yb) were quantified by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The degree of contamination was calculated to evaluate the potential of REEs pollution in the industrial area.
Mongolia
Mongolia still lacks a neutron generator for activation analysis, but the Nuclear Research Center of the National University of Mongolia has low-activity (4.76 × 106 n/s) Pu-Be sources. The source has been relocated under suitable conditions and is being explored for research. This year, manganese was identified as the most suitable element, and its content was analyzed in dietary supplements and tea samples. We also continue to monitor the Ulaanbaatar environment using multiple analytical techniques.
Thailand
In 2025, elemental analyses of geological and plant samples were conducted using ICP-based techniques, XRF, and INAA. Conventional methods such as ICP-based analysis and XRF often present certain limitations, whereas instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) offers a faster and more reliable alternative for plant samples, particularly for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn. Nonetheless, further improvements in our INAA methodology are still required.
Vietnam
Neutron activation analysis is still employed in studies into the health impacts of heavy metals on humans in the Mekong Delta's agricultural soils. Additionally, a preliminary study evaluated the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils using ornamental plants, specifically Coleus and Petunia. In advance, the Benford’s law theoretical model has been used to calculate thermal neutron capture cross sections, which is critical to enhancing the precision of NAA for elemental determination.
NAA-2: Joint Analysis
(i) Presentation
The NAA-2 session was devoted to joint analysis. At last year's workshop, the NAA group agreed to conduct joint analyses of three types of samples. In the Joint Analysis session, the results on three types of sedimentary rock and four types of volcanic rock were discussed. In the morning and early afternoon sessions on September 10, the results of the joint analyses conducted by each country were presented in the form of country reports. Their summaries are as follows:
Bangladesh
Seven samples were analyzed using neutron activation analysis (NAA). The normalized values for samples 1 (JSd-1), 3 (JSd-3), 11 (Jb-1b), and 12 (JA-1a) revealed that the elemental abundances of all measured elements were consistent with the prescribed reference values within ±10%, with the exception of Ti, Dy, Yb, and a few others. For samples 2 (JSd-2) and 14 (JSO-1), the elemental abundances exhibited consistency within ±15% of the reference values, except for certain elements. In contrast, sample 13 (JSd-4) showed a wider variation, maintaining consistency within ±20% of the reference values, again with some exceptions.
Indonesia
Bandung and Serpong laboratories participated in FNCA proficiency testing on seven geological samples. Method validation using SRM NIST 2711a Montana Soil and 2704 Buffalo River Sediment were carried out. Analysis results mostly agreed with literature/certified values, though some elements require further evaluation and improvement.
Japan
The number of elements determined for JSd-1, JSd-2, JSd-3, JB-1b, JA-1a, JSd-4, and JSO-1 was 33, 36, 37 ,33, 33, 37 and 37, respectively. Se-75, Sb-122, Au-198 peaks were affected by spectral interferences of Ta-182, As- 76, and Eu-152, respectively. Their correction was made. Heterogeneity was observed for Ta, W and Au in JSd-4. Caution is required when using JSd-4 as a standard sample.
Kazakhstan
In the current year, blind sediment samples provided as part of the joint FNCA project on research reactor utilization were irradiated at the IVG. 1M research reactor for elemental analysis by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The primary aim of the work was to determine the elemental composition of the blind sediment samples supplied by Japan using the INAA method. The analytical results obtained will be used for interlaboratory comparison among FNCA member countries.
Malaysia
For the joint analysis, the neutron activation analysis (NAA) laboratory in Malaysia analyzed Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th, and U in seven samples (sample 1, sample 2, sample 3, sample 11, sample 12 and sample 13). The concentration of the elements in all samples were compared with standard reference material (SRM) NIST San Joquin Soil 2709a. The counting statistic was determined for all elements in every sample.
Mongolia
In this joint analysis, the Mongolian group determined elements such as Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Rb, Y Sr, Pb and others in the provided samples using the XRF method, while Mn was determined by NAA using a low-activity neutron source Pu-Be installed at the Nuclear Research Center of the National University of Mongolia.
Thailand
The techniques used to analyze the elemental composition of these samples are INAA, and pXRF. Regarding geological samples, certain elements such as Ti, Na, Al, K, and Ca can be analyzed using INAA. However, since geological samples have various matrices, it is necessary to select the suitable standard materials, and the INAA technique still requires further optimization of suitable conditions. In future study, ICP and WD-XRF techniques will be applied to this study.
Vietnam
Vietnam participated in the FNCA’s neutron activation analysis proficiency tests for soil and igneous rock. Seven samples were prepared and neutron irradiated in channel 7-1 and rotary rack of the Dalat research reactor with thermal neutron fluxes of 4.2x1012 and 3.8x1012 n.cm2.s-1 for short-lived and long-lived nuclides, respectively. Approximately 23-28 elements were determined by the k0-NAA method. The obtained results were compared and are in good agreement with data from previous studies.
(ii) Discussion
A comprehensive discussion on the results of the joint analysis was held from the late afternoon of Sept. 10 through the morning of the following day, Sept. 11. At last year’s workshop, it was agreed that the results of the joint analysis would be submitted by June of this year from each participating country. A multifaceted review of the collected data was reported, followed by a free discussion with the aim of compiling the results of the collaborative analysis into an academic paper. In terms of improving analytical techniques, which was another objective of the joint analysis, several causes of erroneous analytical values were identified and solutions were confirmed, which is expected to contribute to improving the reliability of analytical values in the future.
2) 2) Non-NAA Group
RI-1: Country report: Isotope production including new isotopes and new facility
Bangladesh
This report expresses demand and supply capacity of radioisotope in Bangladesh.Main products are 1) Mo-99/Tc-99m, 2) I-131 NaI oral solution, and 3) I-131 Capsule. The Tc-99m is used for diagnostic purposes. Since more than 80 % nuclear medical diagnostic procedures depend on Tc-99m radioisotope. Production rate of Tc-99m generator is 30 per week in RIPD. On the other hand, I-131 is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Production rate of I-131 is 3 Ci/w (oral solution) by RIPD. This division is able to fulfill the local demand of the above isotopes to substitute the import completely by indigenous product.
China
Medical isotopes are essential for disease diagnosis, but current reactors supply less than 20% of domestic demand. To ensure stable supply, the government’s 2021-2035 plan calls for building 1-2 dedicated isotope reactors, developing new isotopes (e.g., Tb-161, Ho-166, Y-90), and extending reactor life through PSR. By 2035, isotope and radiopharmaceutical supply should meet health needs. The plan also promotes open sharing, creating an international irradiation platform, and fostering cooperation in nuclear research and advanced technologies.
Indonesia
The Neutron Scattering Laboratory of the Multi-Purpose Reactor G.A. Siwabessy (RSG GAS) in Indonesia consists of three spectrometers, three diffractometers, and a neutron radiography instrument. In 2025, the frequency of operation was reduced, operating primarily at 5 MW of power due to the efficiency of the nuclear fuel. Users include national and international collaborators. Regarding the radioisotopes, there are several products for research purposes, including: I-131, Mo-99, Tc-99m, Sm-153, Lu-177, Ho-166, S-35, Au-198, and Sc-46.
Japan
In Japan, it has continued to Action plan (to promote the production and use of radioisotopes for medical and others) since 2022 (by Japan Atomic Energy Commission), therefore it is worked on production of 99Mo by neutron capture method. Moreover, we have worked on production of 177Lu since last year. Furthermore, for the purpose of getting more high flux to cold neutron beam experiments. We have approached to develop and exchange of CNS (cool neutron source) vessel.
Kazakhstan
In 2025, R&D for the production of two types of radiopharmaceuticals was continued in Kazakhstan at the Institute of Nuclear Physics: Lu-177 (direct and indirect reactions) and Sm-153. Serial production of Mo-99/Tc-99m and I-131 radiopharmaceuticals was continued with subsequent delivery to the domestic market. The necessary radioisotopes are produced at the WWR-K research reactor.
Malaysia
The PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor is equipped with a range of irradiation facilities designed to support neutron science research, elemental and materials analysis, as well as education and training activities. In addition, the reactor is capable of producing a limited spectrum of radioisotopes for medical and industrial applications.
Mongolia
In Mongolia, nuclear medicine has been gradually advancing with support from international organizations, particularly the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Several key radioisotopes for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has been used. Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is the most commonly used isotope for imaging procedures, such as cardiac and bone scans. Iodine-131 (I-131) is applied in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions, while Rhenium-188 (Re-188) is used for treating liver cancer and joint disorders. Cobalt-60 (Co-60) has historically been used in radiotherapy.
Thailand
Thailand produces medical radioisotopes primarily via the TRR-1/M1 research reactor (e.g., Sm-153) and multiple cyclotrons at universities, hospitals, and the new national facility for PET isotopes (F-18, C-11, Ga-68). The Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT) which manages irradiation, processing, and distribution, is developing the ONRC multipurpose research reactor. With the aging TRR-1/M1 limiting capacity, new research reactor and new cyclotron projects are essential to secure long-term isotope supply with FNCA providing regional support through training, technology sharing, and cooperative R&D.
Vietnam
Da Lat nuclear reactor with a nominal capacity of 500 kW is the only reactor in Vietnam. Officially operated and exploited from March 1984 to present. As of the end of August 2025, the reactor has operated for a total of about 64,200 hours, averaging 1500 hours of safe and efficient operation per year. More than 90% of the reactor's operating time has been exploited for radioisotope research and production. During its operation, the reactor has been successfully used in the research and production of a variety of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals used in medicine. The Da Lat nuclear reactor provided about 21,300 Ci radioisotopes used in medicine, most of which are I-131 solution, I-131 capsule, P-32, Tc-99m generator and KIT invivo (MDP, DTPA), contributing to the development of nuclear medicine in Vietnam.
RI-2: New Research Reactor
Bangladesh
This report explains technical design specifications of the necessary facilities and laboratories for a new high power research reactor through completing the Preparation of Feasibility Study Report (FSR), Preparation of Strategic Planning Report (SPR), Site Evaluation Report (SER) and Preparation of Technical specification for each research facility. The proposed reactor will contribute significantly to creating skilled manpower for operation and maintenance of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant and also plays an important role in basic research and application of nuclear technology in the country.
China
China is advancing SMR development through next-generation technologies like high-temperature gas-cooled and molten salt reactors, while also exploring non-electric applications such as district heating, desalination, and hydrogen production. The Linglong-1 project, the world’s first multi-purpose modular SMR, has achieved key milestones between 2024 and 2025. Additionally, new research reactors have been approved to support medical isotope production.
Indonesia
A program for the revitalization of the Multi-Purpose Reactor G.A. Siwabessy (RSG GAS) in Indonesia and its supporting laboratory facilities has been released. The main purpose of the program is to increase the production of reactor-based radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals (RIRPs). The program consists of decontamination and radioactive waste management; RSG GAS revitalization; fuel fabrication revitalization; RIRPs production; design and revitalization of radioisotope process facilities; and design development of the PeLUIt-40 HTGR.
Japan
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kyoto University and Fukui University are collaborating on the installation of a new research reactor with thermal power up to 10 MW at the Monju site at present. This presentation introduced current status of planning for the new research reactor project.
Kazakhstan
The Institute of Nuclear Physics has also started a preliminary feasibility study on the need to develop and build a new multi-purpose research reactor. A rationale for the need for a new research project is being developed and meetings with stakeholders are being held. All activities are performing using Milestones approach (proposed by IAEA).
Malaysia
The effective operational and maintenance practices implemented at RTP, supported by a strong commitment to continuous improvement, have successfully mitigated ageing-related challenges. In view of the increasing demand for reactor-based services in more diverse and advanced applications, the establishment of a new research reactor program is projected to be a strategic priority in the future.
Thailand
Thailand is developing a 10-20 MW multipurpose research reactor to replace TRR-1/M1 for isotope production, advance neutron science and industrial applications. The project is progressing from IAEA Milestone 1 to 2, with feasibility studies and HRD plans completed, while work continues procurement, waste management, and integrated management system compliance. Challenges include long-term fuel and radioactive waste strategy, vendor qualification, skilled workforce retention, and sustained funding. FNCA supports through technical training, design information exchange, human resource development, and regional collaboration.
Vietnam
Vietnam has planned to build a Nuclear Science and Technology Center with the main facility being a 10 MW multi-purpose research reactor, which can be upgraded to 15 MW. The main objective of the Center is to strengthen the capability of research and application of research reactors to serve the country's socio-economic development in the fields of health, agriculture, industry and environmental protection, as well as to contribute to the country's nuclear power development program.
Wrap up session
1. The RRU project in this phase (2024-2026) would consider the following topics:
a. Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
b. Isotope production including new isotopes and new facility
c. New research reactor
d. Research reactor utilization
- Neutron scattering
- Material research
- BNCT
- NR
- Strategic planning and cooperation
- Spent fuel management
e. Human resource development
f. Aging issues of research reactors
2. As the second-year workshop of the current phase, lively discussions were held. The NAA group continued to analyze environmental samples in a broad sense and reported on the results they obtained. In addition, the results of collaborative analyses of the same samples were brought together, and discussions were held towards writing the paper based on the obtained data. The Non-NAA group found that several participating countries were planning or upgrading research reactors to replace aging facilities, promote isotope production, and advance nuclear science, with major projects ongoing in Japan, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. Also, member states aim to meet rising RI demand by building or upgrading reactors and enhancing cooperation. Combining reactors and accelerators is recommended to optimize isotope production.
3. The meeting agreed the FY2026’s workshop would be held in Indonesia.
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